What is a defining characteristic of substance use disorders?

A defining characteristic of substance use disorders is the compulsive use of substances despite the presence of harmful consequences. This hallmark feature reflects the maladaptive pattern of behavior seen in individuals with these disorders, where they may continue to use a substance even after experiencing negative outcomes in various aspects of their lives, such as relationships, job performance, or overall health.

This compulsive behavior is tied to changes in brain function, with substances hijacking the brain's reward pathways, leading to cravings and a loss of control over use. Essentially, the compulsive nature signifies an addiction, as individuals often prioritize substance use over significant life responsibilities and well-being.

In contrast, while legal consequences, physical health deterioration, and social withdrawal can be associated with substance use disorders, they do not capture the core essence of the disorder as effectively as the compulsive use itself. Legal issues may arise as a result of substance use, but they are not inherent to the definition of addiction. Physical health deterioration often occurs but is more of a consequence rather than a defining feature. Social withdrawal might happen due to substance use but is not universally applicable to all individuals with substance use disorders; many may maintain social connections even while struggling with their addiction.